陈经:美国想把我国芯片工业“斩草除根”,却给自己制作了最大对手

liukang20243个月前在线吃瓜127
【文/查询者网专栏作者 陈经】
芯片职业比较杂乱:芯片出产需求规划、制作、封装、测验等多个环节,还要芯片设备出产商支撑,往往需求多国企业协作。芯片有巨大的需求方,用于简直全部工业类别。芯片品种也十分多,半导体运用很广。
尽管芯片是新闻言论重视的焦点,但职业常识与数据,依然不算很遍及。乃至由于特别的原因,撒播的芯片相关信息中,充满了种种过错认知。
美国对我国老练芯片建议301查询,其本质是一个工业相关的事情。了解了芯片工业数据与现状,就能了解,中美芯片奋斗现在到了什么阶段。
一、芯片业分范畴数据
上图为2008-2023年,每年的十大半导体规划公司商场比例。能够看出,全体商场比例较为涣散。出售额年年最高的英特尔,比例最高也仅仅在2011年到达16.5%。2018年,前十算计比例58.8%是近年最高值,这一数字一般状况下为50%左右。在这十几年间,有18个公司进过前十。
芯片规划企业营收2008、2013、2018、2023
从2008-2013-2018-2023的前十改动来看,英特尔、三星、高通、博通、SK海力士、意法半导体、德州仪器比较老牌,安稳上榜。其间高通和博通是Fabless纯规划企业,需求代工,其它是IDM形式企业(包含存储器出产商),自有芯片制作工厂。到2023年,英伟达、AMD、苹果的芯片事务兴起了。进过前十又掉出去的IDM形式企业,还有西部数据、NEC电子、英飞凌、瑞萨电子、美光、铠侠。英特尔2008年营收为376亿美元,2013年为527亿美元,2018年为708亿美元,2023年为542亿美元,可据此预算各企业的营收数值。
全球芯片规划企业的营收从2008年的2800亿美元增至2023年的5900亿美元,这大致能代表芯片职业对外部的全体营收——其它企业运用芯片,对接的便是规划芯片的公司。芯片设备、芯片制作、晶圆代工、封装测验企业,都是芯片职业内部的营收,外部触摸少。假如将这些内部营收加上来,芯片职业的营收就会显得很高,概念上欠好差异,所以应该独自列出。
整体来看,纯规划公司显着兴起,而IDM形式走下坡路。2008年,前十中只需高通是纯规划公司,2023年又添加了博通、英伟达、AMD、苹果四家纯规划企业。
2024年,这个排名将产生大的改动:英特尔近年来比例不断下滑,2024年还亏本了,营收估量只会稍微超越500亿美元,将铁定丢掉一向操纵的营收榜首的方位。而英伟达在2024年4月30日至10月30日这半年间的营收就有650亿美元,2025财年(2024年2月1日至2025年1月31日)营收估量1255亿美元,将大幅超越英特尔。
这个榜单中没有我国大陆企业。海思在2020年上半年营收52.2亿美元曾排到第十,之后遭到冲击。即便2023年下半年海思麒麟芯片开端康复出货,仍受限于先进芯片产能。
A股芯片纯规划上市公司中,营收最高的是韦尔股份,2023年为210亿人民币,2024年估量约260亿。而2023年全球芯片规划事务营收排第十的德州仪器,营收有175.2亿美元,距离较大。
2024年全球存储器厂商商场比例,世界集成电路协会(WICA)数据
存储器方面,2024年10月17日世界集成电路协会(WICA)发布《2024年全球存储器商场研究陈述》,估量2024年全球存储器商场出售规划添加61.3%,达1500亿美元。长江存储靠3D NAND产品(手机存储与固态硬盘),商场比例到达2.3%,成为第六大存储器企业。WICA因长鑫存储数据不明,暂未将其列入陈述。但从产能上看,长鑫存储的DRAM产品(内存条)全球比例能有约10%。
在存储器方面,我国大陆还有2024年预期营收80亿的兆易立异。福建晋华也是存储器企业,2018年底因美国镇压停产,近期低沉地康复了出产(传深圳公司订单有协助)。
假如不计存储器出产企业,我国大陆IDM形式自有工厂的芯片企业相对比较弱。士兰微、华润微首要从事功率半导体的出产,2024年预期营收都是约100亿,并且芯片制作技能相对低端。我国短少能与英特尔、三星(他们的逻辑芯片事务也不小)、意法半导体、德州仪器这些IDM巨子对标的企业。但世界趋势是,逻辑芯片的IDM企业不如纯规划企业开展好,由于芯片晶圆代工形式功率更高。
2014年全球十大晶圆代工企业营收与比例
2014年,全球十大晶圆代工企业分别是台积电、联电、格罗方德、三星、中芯世界、力积电、高塔半导体、世界先进、华虹半导体、富士半导体,其间台积电比例超越了50%。多年来前十的企业根本就这几家,那时晶圆代工的含义还没有被充分知道。
2019年时,台积电依然一家独大,可是三星代工比例添加了许多,超越台积电的三分之一。三星依托梁孟松带来的FINFET技能打破,一度上升气势很猛。我国大陆仍是中芯世界和华虹两家进入前十,比例分别为5%和1%,不温不火。
到2024年三季度,台积电的商场比例进一步扩展到64.9%。中芯世界超越了联电与格罗方德,来到了第三位,华虹比例2.2%也扩展了一些,合肥的晶合集成还进入前十(与10年前比较,便是它代替了富士半导体)。三星的晶圆代工事务遭受了较大冲击:与台积电竞赛5nm、4nm、3nm出产技能,出了造假丑闻,良率体现欠安遭到高端客户扔掉,保持比例要靠自家生意。联电与格罗方德因耗资巨大自认无力承当,抛弃了14nm以上的先进制程事务,导致比例萎缩。美国只需格罗方德是排前十的芯片代工企业,实力较弱。
从以上介绍的全球芯片企业营收来看,整体来说便是两大趋势。一个是以英特尔为代表的IDM企业相对式微,以英伟达、高通、博通、AMD、苹果为代表的纯规划企业兴起。另一个是芯片代工企业职业位置上升,台积电年营收比较10年前简直翻四倍,2025年将超千亿美元;而中芯世界在大陆半导体商场确立了中心企业位置。二者也是相关的,芯片规划与芯片制作都有决定性含义。两者在近十年间都出乎预料地有不少严重打破,技能开展没跟上的巨子企业就会掉队。
芯片封装与测验技能相对简略,前十根本都是我国大陆与我国台湾企业,前十之后也有22%的商场比例,东南亚多国都有不少封测企业。业界近年来先进封装需求较为激烈,芯片的衔接方法有严重改动,但技能难度高的需求由台积电等晶圆代工厂来做。
2023年全球十大半导体设备企业营收
终究介绍下全球芯片设备企业。2023年,我国初次有芯片设备企业前史性地进入全球前十,北方华创营收220.79亿人民币(约30亿美元),排第八位。荷兰的ASML以约300亿美元营收排榜首,美国运用资料、泛林、科磊三家制裁依托的中心企业分别排第二、第三、第五,日本东京电子第四。前五营收显着高于其他企业。日本的迪恩士、爱德万排列第六、第七,荷兰ASMI第九,美国泰瑞达第十。要进入前十,年营收门槛为26亿美元。
A股芯片设备上市公司前三季营收前十
获益于本乡需求拉动,我国芯片设备企业营收正在高速添加。2024年前三季,A股芯片设备企业排前十的遍及营收增速在30%以上。我国芯片设备企业占全球营收的商场比例之前在1%以下,简直能够忽略不计,2023年到达了6%,2024年估量约8%,上升较快。
需求指出,由于芯片业是美国针对我国高科技制裁的首要范畴,我国有些芯片企业十分低沉。首要的芯片规划、晶圆制作、封测、设备企业根本都上市了,数据可查。但也有一些在美国商务部制裁名单里的芯片企业(如好几个深圳企业)没有上市,有的只知道姓名,信息很少。
未上市企业中,华为海思规划芯片、上海微电子制作光刻机较为闻名。一些中外言论信任,华为正在安排芯片全工业链,芯片设备、芯片规划、EDA规划东西、芯片制作产线、封测、GPU、操作系统都有触及,被逼成为IT业横跨范畴最多的全球公司。具体开展议论纷纷,有些说得很激动人心。笔者有一些猜想,但的确信息混沌,需求业界信息与较高的常识水平才干分辩真伪。
全球与我国芯片企业特性(存储器计入长鑫存储,一些比例为笔者估量)
上图为笔者依据以上各范畴数据总结的全球与我国芯片企业特性与比例。长鑫存储必定成为全球十大存储器出产企业,扩产很厉害,因而笔者将我国存储器企业商场比例估为5%-10%。晶圆代工我国大陆企业实力相对强,也在活跃扩产,比例12%其实不低,仅仅台积电比例太大了。芯片设备范畴,我国企业急起直追,是比例最小、距离最大的范畴。
芯片规划范畴,我国大陆企业的比例笔者估为15%,需求具体解说。这个目标也是最重要的,由于芯片业对外界的含义,便是芯片规划企业的芯片(存储器也算),进入各行各业运用。晶原代工、封测、设备都是职业内部的事,作用终究仍是要体现在芯片规划企业的商场比例上。
图为IC Insight在2021年依据全球半导体规划企业的商场比例,核算的美国、韩国、我国台湾、欧洲、日本、我国大陆(其它经济体根本没有比例)的芯片规划企业商场比例(IC总占比)。结合前面的基础常识,咱们能够来介绍这个图了。
企业分为两类,IDM是自己规划自己出产,Fabless是纯规划。美国芯片规划企业商场比例54%,便是商务部说“美企业占有全球芯片商场近一半的比例”的数据来历。其间美国IDM企业产出全球占比47%,纯规划产出全球占比68%。全球芯片有约三分之二是IDM工厂出产的,三分之一是代工出产的。综算核算得出美国IC总占比为54%。
韩国纯规划企业较弱,但三星与SK海力士的IDM形式存储器产出较高,占全球33%,IC总占比22%。欧洲、日本与韩国特性相似,也是纯规划企业较弱,IC总占比均为6%。欧洲IDM产出首要是意法半导体代表的逻辑芯片,日本IDM企业则偏存储器。
我国大陆与我国台湾特性相似,IDM形式较弱,但纯规划有必定比例。别的,台湾与大陆都挑选大力开展芯片代工业。这是有前史原因的,大陆芯片业引进了许多台湾芯片人才。IC insight以为,2021年大陆首要依托纯规划企业9%的比例,IC总占比仅4%。
需求留意的是,笔者依据我国大陆芯片规划职业数据,并不认同4%这个显着偏低的判别。
IC Insight之后并未持续每年发布这个数据,由于一些数据难以获得或不敢选用,也阐明数据有些离谱。我国大陆有了必定的存储器市值比例(算IDM形式),会提高IC总占比。别的,我国有许多中小型的芯片规划公司,这几年由于芯片国产化代替风潮,获得了不少商场空间。
2024年12月11日魏少军教授陈述《我国芯片规划业要自强不息》
2024年12月11日,我国半导体职业协会集成电路规划分会理事长魏少军教授在上海集成电路开展论坛上作宗旨陈述,指出我国芯片规划企业有3626家之多(一些是分支组织),2024年全职业出售估量6460.4亿人民币。图中2021年出售额就超越4500亿,全球比例必定不止4%。WSTS(世界半导体买卖核算,World Semiconductor Trade Statistics)估量2024年全球芯片出售约6110亿美元,2024年我国芯片规划企业出售额约909.9亿美元,约占全球比例的15%。
因而笔者以为,将2024年我国芯片规划公司全球商场比例估为15%,比较契合大陆芯片业的实力。4%真实太低,应该是世界组织对我国数据不太熟悉。2024年我国年营收过亿的芯片规划公司有731家,从业人员数量许多,职业显着处于高添加中。
二、全球与我国芯片工业格式
介绍了几个芯片范畴全球与我国企业的相关数据,就能对全球芯片工业格式有大致的判别了。
美国半导体工业协会(SIA)2022年11月陈述数据
依据美国半导体工业协会(SIA)搜集的数据,2022年底全球芯片规划(Design)、芯片设备(Equipment)、晶圆加工(Wafer fabrication)、封测(Packaging, assembly & test)、硅片及耗材(Materials)比例如上图。芯片规划与设备按企业总部所属国家算。晶圆加工和封测,产品是从工厂里出来的,按工厂地点区域算比例。
因而,美国的芯片规划和设备十分强,但晶圆加工比例只排第五。韩国的芯片设备较弱,其它均有适当实力,但芯片规划比例首要靠存储器。日本设备很有实力,可是芯片规划不强,与欧洲特性附近。我国台湾晶圆厂比例高,特别是先进芯片晶圆加工。全球其它区域,只需不要害的封测在东南亚有一些比例。
我国大陆有三星、SK海力士、台积电等外资公司的晶圆厂,再加上本乡公司的晶圆厂,比例已是全球榜首,但也只需20%出面,全球分得比较散。我国大陆芯片规划比例方面,SIA和IC Insight相同由于核算不完整有轻视,以为是5%,其实怎样也应该超越10%。假如再考虑到芯片设备近年来快速添加,比例大增到8%,再要画这样的图,我国大陆的实力就较为可观了。
美国占有了全球芯片业产出的半壁河山,无论是走下坡路的IDM企业,仍是纯规划公司,实力都很强。美国芯片设备企业的比例不低,但需求荷兰与日本企业合作才干操控职业。美国政府最忧虑的,是晶圆加工比例低,先进芯片制作才能较差,而这是英特尔的锅。
因而,美国政府2022年10月经过了《2022芯片与科学法案》,要点开展先进芯片制作产能。美国半导体工业协会(SIA)和波士顿咨询陈述估量,得益于法案的提出,2022-2032年美国半导体产能将添加203%,翻了三倍,而2012-2022年只添加了11%。美国的预期增幅也是各经济体最高的。我国2012-2022年半导体产能添加了365%,但接下来十年只会添加86%。
由于本钱问题,美国IDM公司的许多芯片工厂散布在全球,需求逆着本钱靠补助招引或强逼全球公司把先进芯片工厂建在美国,台积电和三星都有举动。
芯片产能是用晶圆厂的产能代表的,芯片最中心的制作环节是在晶圆厂。一般有12寸和8寸两种晶圆厂,一片12寸晶圆面积等于2.25个8寸晶圆,所以晶圆厂的产能就能够用“8寸晶圆等效产能”来阐明,以每月多少万片为单位。由于12寸厂越来越多,有时会直接说“每月出货5万片12寸晶圆”。
假如按方案进行,美国晶圆制作的比例会从10%添加到2032年的14%。尽管美国翻三倍,但全球产能也翻倍了,各区域都有很巨大的产能规划。
从上图估量来看,欧洲、日本、韩国、我国台湾2022-2032年间都有不低的扩产方案,力度超越2012-2022年,由于都知道到了芯片业的战略含义。而我国大陆先进芯片制作设备供给被卡,扩产将遭到约束,因而产能增速在首要玩家中或许会是最低的。当然这是陈述估量,实践成果上来说,西方国家常常完不成方案,而我国往往超出预期。
从美国政府与组织的说法来看,在先进芯片范畴美国较有决心,以为我国无法打破约束,产能有限。在这方面,美国政府首要重视光刻机等先进设备的卡控,强逼日本与荷兰企业,现已卖到我国的机器也不让保护了,思想是封杀。
图为2024年10月SIA发布的《2024美国半导体工业现状》中全球半导体出售规划(适当于芯片规划企业出售)。2024年全球半导体估量出售额为6110亿美元,比2023年添加16%。2023年,全球芯片销量有1万亿个之多。遍及预期是,2030年全球半导体出售额将超1万亿美元。
需求指出,一些新闻中的“集成电路产值”、“芯片出口”需求正确了解。如2024年前11月,集成电路产值3953亿个,同比增23.1%;集成电路出口2716亿个,同比增11.4%,出口额1.03万亿元同比增20.3%,初次破万亿;进口集成电路5014.7亿个,同比增14.8%,价值2.48万亿元,同比添加11.9%。
这些数据中的“集成电路”,许多并非终究出售的“芯片”,而是出产过程中的中心产品,如用于封装测验的“裸芯片”。而集成电路出口额,都超越我国芯片规划企业出售额了,其实有许多是外资企业的出口。如三星与SK海力士的存储器,西安与无锡是主力出产基地。全球芯片出产与流转很杂乱,集成电路会在各国间频频买卖,让买卖额显得很高。
荷兰银行核算的各类货品全球买卖占比,数字是货品编码
如以买卖额核算,“集成电路”是全球买卖的榜首大品类,超越核算机、原油和轿车。如2020年,集成电路的买卖额高达2.6万亿美元,但终究出售额(对应前文所述芯片规划企业的出售额)只需4370亿美元,扩展了6倍之多。实践上,芯片与集成电路体积小运送简略,在各国间倒来倒去,有时是中心出产环节需求,有时便是易手倒腾。
评价芯片工业实力,仍是用芯片规划企业商场比例,以及各出产环节比例较为适宜。芯片与集成电路买卖目标需求正确了解,能够作为参阅。能够看出,我国进口与出口的集成电路数量,都是极为巨大的,并且出口数量少于进口,阐明我国“芯片需求”十分多。
SIA陈述中说,2023年全球芯片出售额5269亿美元,我国商场占比29%(约1530亿美元),是全球最大商场。美国26%,亚太(除日本与我国)26%,欧洲11%,日本9%。我国的29%这个数值应该仍是有一些轻视。仍是那个问题,轻视我国芯片规划企业的出售数据。无论如何,全球芯片企业必定会将我国作为主力商场、重要商场,不或许忽视,仅仅有时被美国政府大搞损坏没办法。
SIA陈述现已查询到了我国晶圆产能的快速添加。近年来我国出人意料地快速添加12寸晶圆厂数量。集微咨询2022年时估量,我国12寸晶圆厂数量将从2021年的20座,添加至2026年的43座。世界半导体工业协会(SEMI)2024年6月的“World FAB Forecast”陈述中指出,2024年全球晶圆厂产能将超越3000万wpm(每月等效8寸晶圆数量),我国大陆到达885万wpm,占比约29%;2025年我国大陆产能将达1010万wpm,占全职业三分之一。我国晶圆产能扩张的起伏是惊人的,2022年时还只需20%出面。
了解了全球与我国芯片工业格式的基础常识后,再来看美国对我国老练芯片建议301查询的新闻,来龙去脉就清楚多了。
当美国政府搞目标卡控、禁售、制止代工这些禁令时,是以为还能操控先进技能,要阻挠我国技能前进。当美国政府针对我国光伏、新能源轿车等职业建议关税相关的“特别301查询”时,就阐明我国有了巨大的工业优势,产能、技能、商场都打破了,在全球竞赛力微弱,美国要靠加关税来平衡压力,可是对全球工业走势已不会有太大作用了。现在,轮到老练芯片工业,来获取美国政府“打不过我国”的标签认证。
从芯片运用来看,我国自身便是巨大的商场,国产代替空间极为宽广。我国工业链完全,制作业产出以数量计占了全球一半,许多工业都能够经过芯片结合数字技能运用,即便是老练芯片也大有可为。近年来我国芯片规划企业营收高速添加,就阐明晰这一趋势。
我国提高老练芯片产能事实上没有了技能与供给链约束。2024年上半年我国大陆进口ASML光刻机占其营收高达47%。美国无理管控的黑手现已伸得很长,对芯片设备工业的操控力到这儿便是极限了。
我国芯片设备企业前进极大,也起到了重要作用。现在我国对全球老练芯片产能有自己的方案,根据竞赛力优势,全球变成产能过剩是确认的。清闲出产的好日子曩昔了,功率低的会被筛选出局。一些攻势现已建议,业界开端感触冲击,例如现已有大陆晶圆代工企业报价大降的传言。
美国芯片相关陈述现在仍是“优势在我”的口气,先进芯片与人工智能成为终究的底气。因而,SIA与BCG陈述中宣扬美国“先进芯片产能扩张全球力度最大”,将《2022芯片与科学法案》吹捧为改动全球芯片工业的决定性事情。美国晶圆厂建造,精干到什么程度欠好说,但老练芯片范畴,我国现已开端发动了规划巨大的反击。
全球芯片规划企业商场比例十分涣散,十大之外还有50%的比例可供抢夺。这50%的“尾部”比例中,很大部分会是老练芯片,由于先进芯片比例是头部企业抢夺的要点,并且头部企业也有不小的老练芯片事务。因而,芯片规划职业必定要遭到我国从老练芯片工业建议的巨大冲击,冲击力度能够与光伏、新能源轿车工业比较。
老练芯片与先进芯片商场比例各占多少,说法不一,8:2或许7:3较为常见。老练芯片的界说也会变,如14nm有时就不算先进了,10nm以下制程才是先进芯片。即便不考虑我国在先进芯片范畴中的技能打破(这对美国政客有不小的心思冲击),我国对老练芯片建议的冲击,经济影响现已非同寻常。
或许芯片业会和其它科技范畴相同,当我国把握了技能与产能优势,范畴就会敏捷变成产能过剩的“老练”职业,我国还没完全打下的才算“先进”。跟着时刻逐步曩昔,我国主导的“老练”地盘越来越大,“先进”的地盘却越来越小,龟缩在有限的几个炮楼中,人心惶惶。
而这全部,本来不会产生得这么快。芯片商场竞赛十分激烈,我国芯片规划企业本来实力较弱,最大的问题是没有商场,连我国企业都不乐意用国产芯片,世界公司的产品只需牢靠就难以替换。
但美国政府难以了解的张狂举动,让我国芯片规划、芯片设备、晶圆产能都在商场需求激烈拉动下飞速前进,给自己制作了最大对手。商务部长雷蒙多先是代言,下台前还无法地拿出301认证,供认想得简略了。
告发/反应

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总台央视记者:美国国务院12日发布《2021年国别人权陈述》,进犯了我国的政治制度和人权情况。美国务卿布林肯在发布会上称,我国政府持续在新疆对维吾尔族穆斯林和其他少量集体犯下“种族灭绝”和“反人类罪过”,腐蚀了香港底子自在和自治,并在西藏进行系统性的打压。中方对此有何谈论?

  CCTV: On April 12, the US Department of State released the 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices which attacked China on its political system and human rights conditions. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said at the press briefing that “the Chinese Government continues to commit genocide and crimes against humanity in Xinjiang against predominantly Muslim Uyghurs, among other minority groups, to erode fundamental freedoms and autonomy in Hong Kong, and to carry out systematic repression in Tibet”. Does China have any comment?

赵立坚:美方所谓“2021年国别人权陈述”的涉华内容和布林肯国务卿有关表态罔顾实际、颠倒是非,充满着政治谎言和认识形态成见,中方对此激烈不满、坚决敌对。

Zhao Lijian: The China-related content in the so-called Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and relevant remarks by Secretary Antony Blinken misrepresent facts, confuse right with wrong, and are deluged with political lies and ideological bias. China deplores and firmly opposes it.

我国的人权情况怎么,我国公民意中有一杆秤;我国政府的管理才能怎么,世界社会早就众所周知。这都不是美国某些人说几句话或宣布一个陈述就可以诽谤的。美国政府年复一年借所谓人权陈述诽谤抹黑我国,进犯世界多国多地,妄图将自己塑构成“人权判官”“人权标杆”。这恰恰暴露了美方的虚伪和双标。

The Chinese people can tell better than others how the human rights situation in China is and the international community has long come to an conclusion about China’s governance. Such facts cannot possibly be denied by a report or the remarks of certain people. The US government smears and denigrates China and attacks other places in the world by releasing the reports every year, in an attempt to style itself as a “judge” and “role model” on human rights. This only serves to reveal its hypocrisy and double standards.

若论尊重和保障人权,美国可谓表里欠账、罪过累累。对内,人权是美国政府一向没有实现的言而无信。美国坐拥全世界最先进的医疗设备和技能,却成为全球新冠肺炎感染和逝世人数最多的国家。美政府不谋抗疫之举,大搞政治操弄,鼓噪实验室走漏病毒,任由美国种族主义“病毒”与新冠病毒一同延伸,导致反亚裔仇视违法频发高发。美国长时间推广轻视性移民方针,严峻揉捏拉美裔、亚裔、非洲裔移民生存空间;“骨肉分离”的移民方针,超期羁押、酷刑和逼迫劳作等不人道待遇严峻危及移民的生命、庄严和自在。美国枪支暴力问题丛生,法律不公、监狱虐囚等现象频发,美国民众生活在缺少安全的惊骇之中。

Speaking of respecting and protecting human rights, the US is debt-laden both at home and abroad with its numerous wrongdoings. Domestically, human rights protection is an empty promise the US has never fulfilled. With the most advanced medical equipment and technology in the world, the US stands as the country with the largest number of infection and death of COVID-19. The US government, instead of fighting the coronavirus, seeks political manipulation, instigates the “lab leak” theory and allows racism to spawn alongside the coronavirus, which have resulted in the frequent occurrence of anti-Asian hate crimes. The persistent discriminatory migration policy in the US has squeezed the living space for migrants of Latin American, Asian and African descent to the extreme. The policy of separating migrant children from their families, extended custody,torture, forced labor and many other inhumane treatments gravely threatens the life, dignity and freedom of migrants. The pervasive gun violence, denial of justice in law enforcement and prisoner abuse have left the American people living in fear and worry about their security.

对外,人权是美国政府推广霸权的遮羞布。美国推翻行为和战役构成难移民潮,仅在阿富汗、伊拉克、叙利亚就产生2000余万难民、移民。美国20年来建议的所谓“反恐”战役已让90多万人失掉生命。美国对阿富汗展开的军事行动,夺走的不只是十多万人的生命,还有阿富汗公民70亿美元的救命钱。美国遍及全球的隐秘监狱网制作的人权悲惨剧令世界哗然。在世界经济面对新冠疫情冲击的布景下,美国仍以人权为托言,以制裁为手法,对他国大举施压要挟。这不只加重了相关国家的人道危机,更危及全球经济复苏和产业链供应链安稳。

柔和的「双语」例行记者会/Regular Press Conference(2022-4-13)的插图

Externally, human rights protection is a pretense the US government uses to cover up its agenda of seeking hegemony. The subversion and wars launched by the US have forced people away from their homeland, including more than 20 million refugees and migrants in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria alone. The so-called “WaronTerror”waged by the US has claimed over 900,000 livesoverthepasttwodecades. The US’ military operations in Afghanistan not only took the lives of over 100,000 people, but also looted the $7 billion live-saving money of the Afghan people. The US network of secret prisons across the globe created human rights tragedies that each set off an uproar in the international community. At a time when the world economy is suffering from the impact of COVID-19, the US is still using human rights as an excuse to wantonly pressure and threaten countries by imposing sanctions. This has not only aggravated the humanitarian crisis in relevant countries, but also endangered world economic recovery and stability of industrial and supply chains.

美方应该做的是当即中止对他国人权评头论足、进犯抹黑,实在躬身自省、痛改前非,真正为改进美国本身人权情况和世界人权作业健康展开做些有利的事。

The US should immediately stop making irresponsible remarks, attacking and smearing other countries’ human rights conditions. Instead, it needs to reflect on itself, mend its ways, and earnestly do things to improve its own human rights situation and promote the international human rights cause.

2

《环球时报》记者:据报导,12日,美国国防部情报局宣布陈述称,我国情报、监督、侦查卫星数量不断扩大,仅次于美。我国公民解放军具有和运营世界上约一半侦查卫星,大部分可对印太区域甚至世界各地的美国及盟友戎行进行监控、盯梢和定位。该报导还称,我国和俄罗斯还在持续研制、布置可进犯美国卫星的激光兵器。中方对此有何回应?Global Times: According to reports, the US Defense Intelligence Agency released a report on April 12 alleging that China’s fleet of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) satellites keeps expanding and stands second only to the US in quantity. The People’s Liberation Army of China “owns and operates about half of the world’s ISR systems, most of which could support monitoring, tracking and targeting of US and allied forces worldwide, especially throughout the Indo-Pacific region”. The reports also said that China and Russia continue to develop and deploy laser weapons capable of damaging US satellites. What is China’s response?赵立坚:美方罔顾实际,重复烘托所谓我国和俄罗斯“外空要挟”,其实质是为美方本身展开兵力、追求称雄外空制作托言,也是美方坚守暗斗思想、转嫁本身职责的又一体现。Zhao Lijian: The US has been weaving a narrative about the so-called threat posed by China and Russia in outer space in an attempt to justify its own military buildup to seek space hegemony. It is just another illustration of how the US clings on to the Cold War mentality and deflects responsibility.美国才是外空安全面对的最大要挟。美国政府揭露将外空界定为“作战边境”,加速组成外空军和外空司令部,大力研制布置进攻性外空兵器。作为具有上千枚卫星的国家,美国至今仍在密布发射各类卫星,包含军事侦查卫星。美军方还参加了很多商业航天出资,收购数十亿美元的商业卫星服务,将其用于军事用处。一起,美国长时间消沉抵抗商洽外空军控法律文书。美国现已成为外空军控进程最大妨碍。It is the US that represents the top threat to security in outer space. After openly defining space as a war-fighting domain, the US government has been accelerating efforts to build a space force and space command and invests heavily on developing and deploying offensive space weapons. Despite possessing more than 1,000 satellites, the US still keeps a busy launching schedule involving all types of satellites, including those for military reconnaissance. The US military also took part in many commercial space investment projects and purchased billions of dollars’ worth of commercial satellite services for military purposes. At the same time, the US has long been obstructing negotiation for a legal instrument on arms control in outer space and has become the greatest impediment to the arms control process in space.中方一向倡议平和利用外空,敌对外空兵器化和军备竞赛,活跃在外空范畴推进构建人类命运共同体。我国探究外空,是为满足国家经济、社会、科技和安全等需求。 China always advocates the peaceful use of outer space, opposes weaponizing space or an arms race in space, and works actively toward the vision of building a community with a shared future for mankind in space. China conducts space exploration for the purpose of meeting national economic, social, scientific and security needs.美国政府应该实在承担起大国应尽的职责,检视本身在外空范畴一系列消沉行为。美方应中止鼓噪所谓“我国外空要挟论”,中止阻挠外空军控法律文书商洽进程,为维护外空持久平和与安全做出应有的奉献。The US government should earnestly assume its responsibility as a major country and reflect on its negative moves in space. The US side should stop peddling the narrative of "China threat in space", stop hindering the negotiation process for a legal instrument on arms control in space, and make its due contribution to safeguarding enduring peace and security in space.

3

新华社记者:我的问题是关于福岛核电站的。一年前也便是上一年4月13日,日本政府决议将福岛榜首核电站超百万吨核污染水经过滤并稀释后排入大海,这一做法在日本国内和世界社会引发了激烈忧虑和关心。咱们注意到,前几天日本民众再次自发安排聚会,敌对核污染水排海的决议。可是现已一年过去了,日本政府并未吊销核污染水排海决议,也没有给世界社会一个满足的答案。中方对此有何谈论?Xinhua News Agency: My question is about the Fukushima nuclear power plant. On April 13 last year, the Japanese government decided to release over one million tonnes of treated and diluted nuclear-contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant into the sea, which triggered strong concern both at home and in the international community. We noted that a few days ago, the Japanese people once again organized an assembly to voice their opposition to the ocean discharge decision. However, after a year, the Japanese government still hasn’t revoked its ocean discharge decision or given the international community a satisfactory answer. What is China’s comment on this?赵立坚:中方现已屡次标明在这一问题上的情绪。咱们对日本政府单方面决议向海洋排放福岛核污染水标明严峻关心和坚决敌对。Zhao Lijian: China has made clear its position on this issue repeatedly. We are gravely concerned with and firmly opposed to the Japanese government’s unilateral decision to release the nuclear-contaminated water from Fukushima into the ocean.核污染水排海对海洋生态环境、食品安全和人类健康的潜在损害不容忽视。自一年前日本政府作出将核污染水排海决议以来,环太平洋各国及日本国内民众的质疑和敌对声响一向没有中止。我国、韩国、俄罗斯以及一些太平洋岛国都对日方核污水排海决议表达了关心。日本国内多个民间安排约18万人联署敌对核污染水排海,日本全国渔业协会联合会更是屡次揭露标明坚决敌对的情绪。但是,日本政府却对世界社会关心和国内民意置之不理,迄未对排海计划正当性、核污染水数据可靠性、净化设备有效性、环境影响不确定性等问题作出令人信服的解说。近期,世界原子能组织技能作业组两次赴日进行实地调查,调查评价作业仍未完毕,日方却持续推进核污染水排海准备作业,这种做法极不负职责。Wecannotaffordtothepotential harm on marine ecology, food safety and human healthcausedbytheseadischargeofthenuclear-contaminated water. Ever since the Japanese government made the decision a year ago, the people in Japan and other Pacific Rim countries have been questioning and opposing the move. China, the ROK, Russia and some Pacific island countries have all voiced their concern over the plan. About 180,000 people from several non-governmental organizations in Japan have signed a petition opposing the release. Japan’s national federation of fisheries cooperatives has openly stated its firm objection on multiple occasions. However, the Japanese government just turned a deaf ear to international concern and public opinion at home. So far, it has been unable to offer any convincing explanation for issues ranging from the legitimacy of the ocean discharge option to the reliability of relevant data, the efficacy of the treatment system and the uncertainty of environmental impact. The IAEA’s technical task force has conducted two field trips in Japan recently. The assessment and evaluation process is still ongoing, but the Japanese side has been pressing ahead with preparation for the ocean discharge, which is extremely irresponsible.我想着重的是,日方当时要做的,不是竭力找托言为核污染水排海的过错决议点缀,而是正视世界社会的合理关心,实在实行应尽的职责和职责,以揭露、通明、科学、安全的方法处置核污染水。咱们敦促日方本着负职责的情绪,同包含周边邦邻在内的利益攸关方和有关世界组织充沛洽谈,寻觅妥善的处置方法。在此之前,日方不得私行发动核污染水排海。I would like to stress that Japan should stop racking its brain trying to varnish the wrong decision of discharging the nuclear-contaminated water into the sea. Instead, it should face up to the reasonable concern from the international community, earnestly fulfill its due responsibilities and obligations, and dispose of the nuclear-contaminated water in an open, transparent, science-based and safe manner. We urge Japan to adopt a responsible attitude and look for proper means of disposal through full consultation with stakeholders including neighboring countries and relevant international organizations. Prior to that, it shall not start releasing the nuclear-contaminated water into the sea.

4澳亚卫视记者:由帕劳和美国联办第七届“咱们的海洋大会”(OOC)将于13-14日举办。台湾外事部分发言人标明,台“总统特使”张子敬以“环境维护署署长”的正式官衔与会。发言人对此有何谈论?MASTV: The Seventh Our Ocean Conference willbe co-hosted by the US and Palau on April 13 and 14. According to spokesperson for Taiwan’s foreign affairs department, Chang Tzi-chin, “special envoy of Taiwan’s President”, will attend the conference in the official capacity of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration Minister. What is your comment?赵立坚:首要我要着重的是,中方不供认所谓的台湾“总统”特使。美国和帕劳答应台湾当局官员到会有关会议,将制作“两个我国”。中方对此激烈不满、坚决敌对。Zhao Lijian: To start, I must stress that China does not recognize the so-called “special envoy of Taiwan’s President”. The US and Palau try to create the false impression of “two Chinas” by allowing officials of the Taiwan authorities to attend the meeting. China deplores and firmly opposes this. 世界上只要一个我国,台湾是我国领土不行分割的一部分。这是任何人都无法改动的前史和法理实际。美国和帕劳应遵循一个我国准则,不为“台独”割裂实力供给任何舞台。咱们也警告民进党当局,任何在世界上搞所谓“打破”的图谋终将失利。There is only one China in the world. Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory. This is a historical and legal fact that cannot be changed by any individuals. The US and Palau should abide by the one-China principle and not provide any platform for “Taiwan independence” separatist forces. We also have this stern warning to the DPP authorities: any attempt to seek “breakthroughs” in the international community is doomed to fail.

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《北京青年报》记者:乌克兰危机构成粮食等大宗产品价格上涨,粮食安全成为当时世界社会遍及重视的重要议题,对国家安全甚至世界安稳至关重要。就此想问问发言人有何观点?Beijing Youth Daily: The Ukraine crisis has led to a price surge of food and other bulk commodities. Food security has become a key subject that attracts international attention, and is vital to national security and even world stability. What is your view on this?赵立坚:俄乌抵触迸发后,美国及其盟友建议一轮接一轮对俄单边制裁。但制裁没有处理任何问题,反而使本就不达观的世界经济形势落井下石。你方才说到了粮食安全问题,我注意到,就连美国总统也不得不供认,对俄制裁让许多国家支付价值,粮食缺少成为实际。我也注意到,德国交际方针网站刊文指出,粮食价格上涨恐将在阿拉伯世界引发“饥饿暴乱”,导致政治动乱。Zhao Lijian: After the conflict between Russia and Ukraine broke out, the US and its allies have imposed waves of unilateral sanctions against Russia. But instead of solving any problems, sanctions have only put a dent in the languishing world economy. You just raised food security. I noted that even the US President himself had to admit that “the price of the sanctions is not just imposed upon Russia. It’s imposed upon an awful lot of countries as well” and that a food shortage is goingto be real. I also noted that an article on German-foreign-policy.com wrote that the soaring food price may trigger a hunger riot in the Arab world which could lead to political turbulence. 当时,世界各国既要应对新冠疫情,又要设法复苏经济,现已够困难了。在此布景下,全方位、无差别制裁不只会构成新的不行拯救的丢失,还或许冲击现有世界经济系统,使世界经济协作几十年尽力的效果毁于一旦,终究让各国公民为此支付沉重价值,这不公平,也不合理,更有违世界道义和全球民意。 Countries all over the world already have enough on their plate, as they need to respond to COVID-19 and realize economicrecovery. Against such a backdrop, sweeping and indiscriminate sanctions will not only create new irreversible loss, but may also bring shocks to the current world economic system, wiping out the outcome of international economic cooperation for decades and ultimately forcing the world’s people to pay a hefty price. It is neither just nor reasonable, and runs against international justice and people’s aspiration.  处理世界区域热点问题,并不是只要战役和制裁选项,对话商洽才是底子处理之道,也是最契合各方利益的正确出路。世界社会应持续为推进俄乌商洽进程供给助力,为政治处理创造条件。美国作为乌克兰危机的始作俑者,更应该深刻反思,改改蛮横蛮横的老毛病,劝和促谈而不是拱火浇油。一起,美国作为世界大国,更有职责维护世界经济体制、规矩、根底的安稳,不该让世界各国为美国的单边制裁埋单。Dialogue and negotiation, an alternative to war and sanction, is the fundamental solution to address international and regional hotspot issues and represents theright waythatbest meets all parties’ interests. The international community should continue to work for advancing Russia-Ukraine negotiations and creating conditions for political settlement. As the culprit of the Ukraine crisis, the US should especially do some soul-searching, stop its old habit of throwing its weight around and add impetus to peace talks rather than fuel to the fire. As a major country in the world, the US should also take more responsibility to defend the stability of the world economic system along with its rules and foundation. It should not willfully ask the whole world to pay for US’ unilateral sanctions.

独特的「双语」例行记者会/Regular Press Conference(2022-4-13)的插图

巴通社记者:巴基斯坦新任总理夏巴兹·谢里夫中选后在国民议会宣布上任讲演,标明其政府将加速高质量建造中巴经济走廊,将其打造为中巴友谊的标志。交际部对此有何回应?Associated Press of Pakistan: In his maiden speech after winning theelection in the parliament, the new Prime Minister of Pakistan Shahbaz Sharif said that his government will speed up high-quality construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, making it a symbol of China-Pakistan friendship. Do you have any response to this?赵立坚:中方注意到夏巴兹总理关于中巴经济走廊建造的有关表态,对此标明高度欣赏。中巴经济走廊发动以来为巴基斯坦经济展开和民生改进作出重要奉献,得到各界广泛赞誉和认可。中方愿同巴方一道尽力,持续高质量推进中巴经济走廊建造,将中巴经济走廊打构成“一带一路”高质量建造演示工程。Zhao Lijian: China has noted the remarks of Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and expresses our high appreciation. Since its launch, CPEC has made important contribution to Pakistan’s economic development and improvement of people’s livelihood, and won broad appreciation and recognition. China is ready to work with Pakistan to continue to further advance the high-quality development of CPEC and build it into a demonstration program of high-quality development under the Belt and Road Initiative.

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深圳卫视记者:当地时间12日,美国纽约市布鲁克林的一个地铁站产生枪击工作,已构成至少29人受伤。中方对此有何谈论?现在是否有我国公民伤亡?Shenzhen TV: On April 12 local time, a shooting occurred at a subway station in Brooklyn, New York City, which has injured at least 29 people. What is China’s comment? Are there any reported Chinese casualties?赵立坚:我注意到有关报导。咱们一向敌对和斥责枪支暴力行为,向伤者和家族标明慰问。Zhao Lijian: I have noted relevant reports. We always oppose and condemn acts of gun violence, and express our sympathies to the injured and their families.我国驻纽约总领馆已榜首时间发动领事维护应急机制,经过多方途径核实了解工作是否触及我国公民。到现在,总领馆暂未收到有我国公民在工作中伤亡的音讯。交际部及驻纽约总领馆将持续亲近盯梢工作展开。咱们一起也提示在美我国公民进步危险防备认识,维护本身安全。The Chinese Consulate-General in New York immediately activated the contingency mechanism for consular protection. After verifying through multiple channels whether Chinese citizens were involved in the incident, so far there are no reports of Chinese casualties to the Consulate-General. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Consulate-General in New York will continue to monitor the development of the situation. At the same time, we remind Chinese citizens in the US to raise security awareness and protect their safety.相似布鲁克林地铁站枪击工作这样的悲惨剧再三产生,与美国长时间存在的枪支众多和枪支暴力问题脱不了关连。枪支暴力现已成为美国社会严峻的人权痼疾。偶然的是,就在枪击工作的同一天,美国国务院发布了《2021年国别人权陈述》。这篇陈述通篇对别国人权情况横加指责,却对自己日益恶化的人权情况只字不提。且不说美国国内严峻的系统性种族轻视、暴力法律等问题,单是枪支暴力问题,依据“枪支暴力档案”网站,本年以来,美国现已有一万多人死于枪支暴力案子,其间包含131起大规模枪击工作。如此触目惊心的数字,莫非不值得美方警醒吗?本国公民的生命和安全,莫非不值得美方重视吗?Tragedies like the shooting at the Brooklyn subway station have been happening time and again, which has to do with theproliferationofgun and gun violence in the US. Gun violence is a grave, persistent human rights problem in US society. But on the exact same day of the shooting, the US Department of State released the 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. While making groundless accusations about other countries’ human rights conditions throughout, the report made no mention of the deteriorating human rights situation at home. Systemic racial discrimination, violent law enforcement and other serious issues aside, the severity of gun violence iswell recorded. According to the “Gun Violence Archive” website, more than 10,000 people in the US died in gun violence incidents, including 131 mass shootings, since the beginning of this year. Aren’t the numbers staggering enough to alert the US? Isn’t the life and security of its own people worth the attention of the US?美国现已成为当之无愧的枪击之国。咱们诚心期望相似纽约地铁枪击工作这样的悲惨剧不再重演,诚心期望美国公民能过上没有枪击、没有轻视、没有惊骇的日子。美国政府绝不是什么“人权教师爷”。美国政府应该做的是中止对别国人权情况评头论足,为改进本国糟糕的人权情况做一些实实在在的工作。The US is undoubtedly a country of shooting. We sincerely hope such tragedy as shooting at the Brooklyn station will not happen again, and the American people can truly live without gunshots, discrimination and fear. The US government can by no means lecture others on human rights. What it should do is stop passing judgement on other countries’ human rights conditions and do something concrete to improve the poor human rights conditions within its borders.

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路透社记者:一位澳大利亚部长周三请所罗门群岛总理不要签署所中安全协议,并标明澳本年将拨款1.6亿澳元支撑所。你对此有何谈论? Reuters: An Australian minister asked the Prime Minister of Solomon Islands on Wednesday not to sign a proposed security agreement between Solomon Islands and China. The minister also said that Australia would allocate AUD 160 million in support this year to Solomon Islands. Do you have any comment?赵立坚:关于你说到的关于澳大利亚和所罗门联系的工作,我不予谈论。我要着重的是,我国和所罗门群岛安全协作根据彼此相等、互利共赢准则,是两国主权范围内的事,契合世界法和世界惯例,有利于所罗门群岛社会安稳和国泰民安,有利于促进所罗门群岛及南太区域的平和、安稳与展开。中所安全协作不针对任何第三方,与所罗门群岛同其他国家协作互不抵触,可对区域现有协作机制构成有利的弥补。有关国家应该秉持客观理性情绪看待,尊重中所两国主权和自主挑选,不要在岛国区域挑动敌对、制作割裂,多做有利于区域平和、安稳和展开的事。Zhao Lijian: I would not comment on the issue pertaining to Australia-Solomon Islands relations. I want to stress that security cooperation between China and Solomon Islands is based on equalityandshared benefits. It is within the sovereignty of our two countries, consistent with international law andcustomary international practice. It is beneficial to social stability and lasting security of Solomon Islands and conducive to promoting peace, stability and development of Solomon Islands and the South Pacific region. The security cooperation does not target any third party, does not contradict the cooperation between Solomon Islands and other countries, and can complement the existing cooperation mechanisms in the region. Relevant countries should view this in an objective and reasonable light, and respect the sovereignty and independent choice of China and Solomon Islands. Instead of stoking confrontation and creating division among the Pacific island region, they should do more things that are good for regional peace, stability and development.

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彭博社记者:美国总统拜登称,被曝光的俄罗斯戎行在乌克兰的屠戮行为构成“种族灭绝”。交际部对此有何谈论?Bloomberg: President Joe Biden says the killings by Russian troops being uncovered in Ukraine qualify as a genocide. Does the Chinese foreign ministry have a comment on this?赵立坚:咱们注意到有关报导。中方一向主张,在乌克兰问题上,燃眉之急是相关各方坚持镇定抑制,赶快停火止战,防止产生大规模人道主义危机。世界社会所作的任何尽力都应为紧张形势降温而不是火上浇油,都应推进交际处理而不是使形势进一步晋级。Zhao Lijian: We have noted relevant reports. On the Ukraine issue, China always believes that the top priority is that all relevant parties remain calm, exercise restraint, cease hostilities as soon as possible and avoid humanitarian crisis on a large scale. All efforts of the international community should help to deescalate the tension instead of adding fuel to the flame, and promote diplomatic settlement instead of heightening tensions.

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彭博社记者:此前有报导称美国、英国、澳大利亚问询日本政府是否参加美英澳三边安全伙伴联系,对此一名日本官员予以否定,称相关音讯不事实。交际部对此有何谈论?Bloomberg: A Japanese official has said that it isn’t true that the Japanese government has been approached to join the AUKUS security pact. That denies an earlier report that said the US, the UK and Australia have floated the idea to Japan. Does the ministry have a comment on this?赵立坚:中方注意到有关报导。美英澳树立所谓的“三边安全伙伴联系”,本质上是拉帮结伙大搞集团政治,经过军事协作挑动军事对立。这是典型的暗斗思想。美英澳三国在这一框架下展开核动力潜艇、高超音速兵器等极为灵敏的军事协作。这不只加大核扩散危险、冲击世界核不扩散系统,也将加重亚太军备竞赛,损坏区域平和安稳。中方对此严峻关心、坚决敌对。Zhao Lijian: China has taken note of relevant reports. By forming the so-called AUKUS, the three countries are essentially ganging up for bloc politics and provoking military confrontation through military cooperation. It indicates the typical Cold War mentality. Under AUKUS, the three countries engage in highly sensitive military cooperation involving nuclear-powered submarines and hypersonic weapons. This not only heightens nuclear proliferation risks and undermines the international non-proliferation system, but will also aggravate arms race in the Asia-Pacific and harm regional peace and stability. China is gravely concerned with and firmly opposed to it.美英澳三国应该正视亚太国家求平和、谋展开、促协作的希望,摒弃暗斗思想和零和博弈,忠诚实行世界职责,多做有利于区域平和与展开的事。The US, the UK and Australia should recognize Asia-Pacific countries’ aspiration for peace, development and cooperation, discard the Cold War and zero-sum game mentality, faithfully fulfill their international obligations and do more things for regional peace and development.

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