辛德勇|龙抬头为啥是在二月二?

liukang20243个月前在线吃瓜819
一、咱们怎样说
二月二,龙昂首,这是从小还没长大的时分就听大人想念的说法。龙头抬没抬起来这谁也说不清,不过这是一个我国传统的风俗节日,人们过到这一天,就会有些难以想象的说道儿。像吃喝,有的当地是吃猪头肉,啖春饼;一年忙到头的女人们,也会借这个由头给自己放假——文雅的说法,叫“妇女忌针黹”。
在明末人刘侗、于奕正撰著的《帝京现象略》里,咱们看到北京城里其时的风俗是:
二月二日曰龙昂首,煎元旦祭余饼熏床炕,曰熏虫儿,谓引龙,虫不出也。燕少蜈蚣而蝎,其为毒倍焉;少蚊而蝇,其为扰倍焉;蚤虱之属,臭虫由倍焉。所苦尤在编户,虽预熏之,实未之有除也。(《帝京现象略》卷二《城东表里》“春场”条)
这是借所谓“龙昂首”之名来“引龙”,意图是用天上的大龙来吓唬比如蝎子、苍蝇、蚤虱这些地上的害虫。这一风俗的要害,是所谓“引龙”与“龙昂首”具有直接的相关。
我国书店影印明崇祯刻本《帝京现象略》这些时令的说道儿,各个时期、各个当地往往会有所不同。不过回想我少时在东北的阅历,除了过了这一天就能够剪发了,就再也没有其他什么回忆了(翻检古书,特别是手头的《京本江湖饱览按摩涵养净发须知》,我倒没有见到正月里不宜剪发的说法)。这样做的说道儿,大约是你一个平常大众,草民罢了,天上的大龙还没昂首呢,你怎样敢净发露头?尽管各地风俗在这一天怎样过的都有,但它终归有一个一同的来源。谈到事物的来源,首要是它的时刻起点。关于二月二龙昂首这个时令节日,现在人们一般认为它是始自元朝。
在元朝人熊梦祥撰著的北京区域方志书《析津志》里,对这个节日清楚记载说:
二月二日,谓之龙昂首。五更时,各家以石灰于井畔周遭糁引白道,直入家中房内。男人、妇人不用扫地,恐惊了龙眼睛。自尔后,市人以竹栓琉璃小泡,养数小鱼在内,沿街擎卖。(北京图书馆善本组辑《析津志辑佚·岁纪》)
熊梦祥是江西人,元末以茂才异等荐为白鹿洞书院山长,曾任大都路儒学提举、崇文监丞,后以老疾致仕,享年九十余岁,故《析津志》一书应是撰著于元代末年,书中记叙的北京区域二月二风俗,天然是元代的状况。
析津为辽南京、亦即今北京及其附近区域的政区称号,全称“析津府”。辽南京在元代名大都,其外围京畿区域则设为大都路。熊梦祥撰著大都区域的方志而以“析津”为名,这是遵从宋元时期的常规。盖宋元时期的方志,往往都用当地古地名作为志书的称号,如北宋人宋敏求著《长安志》、南宋人范成大著《吴郡志》、元人徐硕著《嘉禾志》(《至元嘉禾志》)等都是如此,无足怪也。
请注意《析津志》所说元大都区域“以石灰于井畔周遭糁引白道,直入家中房内”的做法,是讲用白灰围着井口撒出白道,然后连通到房间里来。这是在干什么?这应该便是在“引龙”,也便是明时北京人所说“引龙”之事的转义。
但是,龙要是连头都不抬,龙眼看不见你在干什么,你又来怎样引?“引龙”明显要以“龙昂首”为必备条件。
别的,在《朱太守风雪渔樵记》这出元杂剧里,咱们还能够看到这样的道白:“我直到二月二,那时但是龙昂首,我也不敢昂首。”(明臧晋叔编《元曲选》)这样的戏词,更清楚表现出“二月二龙昂首”已是元人很遍及地要过的一个季节。
二、扭头看看这一天
那么,由此上溯,咱们再来看一下在元朝之前,人们在二月二日这一天是不是也有相似的季节活动呢?
在清朝人秦嘉谟编著的《月令粹编》这部书里,咱们看到二月二是个挺有意思的纪念日:它是土地神的生日,也是孟夫子的生日;更有意思、也很难以想象的是,它仍是白山君的生日。全国的白虎都是一个妈在同一天生下来的啊?否则怎样会这样?这真实太难以想象了。不论是土地神、孟夫子仍是白山君过生日,都没有成为各地遍及盛行的风俗节日。孟夫子绝不会是白山君成精变的,风俗里的事儿,有些便是说不清,可“二月二龙昂首”却在史书中留有一些记载,足以让咱们看清它的构成进程。
唐朝曾经的状况,像这类季节活动,查阅一下《艺文类聚》和《初学记》就能看个大约。像中秋节,在后世看来这么重要的季节,在唐人编纂的《艺文类聚》和《初学记》里,就连一个字儿都没提。你要是了解《艺文类聚》和《初学记》这种书是干什么用的就会了解,这是由于其时社会群众还不把这个日子当季节过——像《艺文类聚》和《初学记》这样的书,在古代被称作类书,它的用处是供文人在写诗作文时查寻典故,即所谓“寻章摘句”是也。若是有二月二这么个季节,舞文弄墨的文人就不能不写,像《艺文类聚》和《初学记》这样的类书也就不能不开列相应的条目。
前几年我研讨中秋节的来源,就运用过这样的办法。遵从这样的研讨办法,我认为直到《初学记》编著成书的玄宗开元年间,在唐朝还没有呈现“二月二龙昂首”这样的风俗季节。
宋朝的状况,咱们能够经过如下两部岁时著作看出:一部是南宋初年人蒲积中所著《古今岁时杂咏》,另一部是南宋末年人陈元靓写的《岁时广记》。由于所谓“岁时”讲的便是一年到头的各种时令。
在这两部书中,咱们看到的季节,在正月只要元日(亦称“元旦”)、立春、人日(初七)、上元(十五日)、晦日(亦称“正月晦”),二月则有春分等,看不到一丝一毫与“二月二龙昂首”直接相关的记载。
根据这些记载,咱们首要了解到,同所谓“二月二龙昂首”在时刻上最为挨近的一个全国性重要节日,是正月晦日,也便是一月的最终一天。东汉末年人刘熙在《释名》一书中解说说:“晦,灰也,火死为灰,月光尽似之也。”(《释名·释天》)我国的阴阳混合历,有所谓“大尽”、“小尽”(或称“大建”、“小建”),讲的便是一个月过到头,过到一点儿光亮儿都没了的时刻,是长一天,仍是短一天——大尽晦日为三十,小尽为二十九,也便是看正月大仍是正月小来定详细的日子。不论正月大,仍是正月小,横竖正月晦日的第二天便是二月朔日,也便是二月初一。
二月初一这一天,直到唐玄宗时期,还不是什么通行的时令,可由这时再往后,阅历肃宗、代宗两位皇帝,到了德宗皇帝在位的时分,状况就发生了改变。
先是在德宗贞元四年九月丙午这一天,看文武百官帮他做事儿,一年到头活儿干得很是辛苦,所以决议一年给咱们放三天假:“其正月晦日,三月三日,九月九日三节日,宜任文武百僚选名胜追赏为乐”。当然当官做老爷的不能像贫穷大众相同穷欢乐,不但让你放假,还得给赏钱呢。从最高行政长官宰相的双份二百五开端,等而下之,各赐钱若干贯(《旧唐书·德宗纪》)。
这九月丙午时值初二,唐德宗在这时发布度假的诏书,明显是想让文武百官能赶着在九月九日就享受到所赐予的恩惠。在这一行动后边大的政治布景,是唐德宗经过长达七年左右的时刻,在贞元二年根本终结了“泾师之乱”以及由此引发的一系列政治动乱,全国的形势大体稳定下来。为进一步调和朝政,让咱们体会一下小康社会的幸福生活(案《旧唐书·德宗纪》所载贞元四年九月丙午诏书中有“方隅无事,蒸庶小康”这样的话),才施放出这浩浩皇恩。
不过事儿做得略微急了点儿。你看后边两个节假日,一个是三月三,另一个是九月九,在数目上跟它们调配的,本应该是正月元日,也便是一月一。但是正月初一现已过了大年,真实无法再往这儿配,所以只好用这正月的最终一天、也便是晦日来代替了。
可这事儿你要是细心一想,肯定会觉得不是非常稳当。给文武百官放三天假吃苦一下,本来是要让臣子们好好感触一下安靖吉祥的社会生活,可把这个同享小康社会之乐的日子选在月黑夜沉的晦日,难免会有些倒霉。高高兴兴的一件事儿,何须非触这么个霉头呢?
尽管在唐德宗定立这一节假日之前,在有些区域就有把正月晦日当节日过的风俗(陈元靓著《岁时广记》卷一三引《荆楚岁时记》),但人越不可的时分忌讳越多,“泾师之乱”把德宗搞得狼狈不堪,这时只不过在维持着一个还算过得去的面子罢了,对这个“晦日”仍是避讳一下为妙。
所以咱们看到,紧接着在这下一年的正月德宗就又公布诏书说:
四序嘉辰,历代增置。汉崇上巳,晋纪重阳。或说禳除,虽因旧俗,与众共乐,咸合其时。朕以春方发生,候及仲月,勾萌毕达。六合和同,俾其昭苏,宜助畅茂。自今宜以二月一日为中和节,以代正月晦日,备三令节数,表里官司度假一日。(《旧唐书·德宗纪》)
实际上策划这一改变,在上一年九月初定以正月晦日为三令节之首今后,没过多久,就现已开端酝酿了。
唐人李繁的《邺侯祖传》详细记叙了乃父李泌参加此事策划的经过:
德宗曰:“前代三九皆有公会,而上巳日与寒食往往一同。来年合是三月二日寒食,乃春无公会矣。欲以二月创置一节,何日而可?”泌曰:“二月十五日今后,虽是花时,与寒食相值。二月一日正是门生时,又近晦日,以晦为节,非佳名也。臣请以二月一日为中和节。其日赐大臣方镇勋戚尺,谓之裁度;令人家以青囊盛百谷果实相问遗,谓之献生子;酝酒,谓之宜春酒;村闾祭句芒神,祈谷;百僚进农书,以示务本。”上大悦,即令行之,并与上巳、重阳谓之三令节,中外皆赐钱,寻胜宴会。(宋陈元靓《岁时广记》卷一三《中和节》“赐宴会”条引《邺侯祖传》)
我引述的这段文字,根据的是2020年中华书局点校本《岁时广记》,首要需求修订其间一个要害的误字。这便是“乃春无公会矣”句中的“乃”字,应是“仲”或“中”字的舛讹,即德宗诏书所说“春方发生,候及仲月”的二月之月,这也便是二月。
所谓“公会”,我了解便是各级官吏放假公休的意思。又《邺侯祖传》所说“上巳日”,实际上指的是三月三日。盖直到东汉末年,我国社会一向有在三月上巳日、即三月第一个巳日祓禊于水滨的风俗(晋司马彪《续汉书·礼仪志》),而“自魏今后但用三日,不以巳也”(《宋书·礼志》)。所以《邺侯祖传》里讲的“上巳日”同贞元四年九月丙午诏书中所说的“三月三日”是同一个日子,初不用为这两处记载在字面上的歧异而感到困惑。
唐德宗时隔三个多月就又以二月一日(朔日)替代正月晦日作为“三令节”之一,并给这个节日定立一个正式的称号——中和节。
请注意前一年在把正月晦日列入“三令节”时,并没有“中和节”这个称号,盖“中和”之“中”即前述“二月之月”之“仲”,在这儿指的便是二月(案“二月之月”的转义是太阳年的月份,亦称地理月,同正月、二月的“月”性质彻底不同,这儿是借用其义),古时“仲”、“中”两字相通互用,像这样的用法,是很常见的。德宗诏书中“以二月一日为中和节,以代正月晦日”这句话,在《和平御览》卷三〇引述的另一部佚名《唐书》中是写作“宜以中和节代晦日”,《和平御览》并有附注云:“中和之节,自兹始也。”读此尤易了解,在贞元四年九月所定“三令节”中只要“正月晦日”,并没有“中和节”一名。
中华书局影印宋刻本《和平御览》唐德宗定下的这个中和节,在唐代后期曾昌盛一时(唐康輧《剧谈录》卷下“曲江”条)。不过这好像德宗所自言,毕竟是“自我作古”(《新唐书·李泌传》),并没有什么广泛的社会基础。另一方面,咱们看与这个“二月一”并列为“三令节”的“三月三”和“九月九”就会很简单了解,已然横竖也没有什么前史传承,仅仅人为硬设的一个节日,那么,“二月二”明显要比“二月一”更显和谐。相传出自唐人郭橐驼的《种树书》,谈到一种“本命日”,乃“谓正月一日、二月二日之类”。由此动身,咱们若是再想想端五(端午,五月初五)和七夕(七月初七),就更简单了解古人寻求这种方式整齐的心思。
公然,在唐代后期,咱们就在长安城里看到了“二月二日曲江采菜,士民游观极盛”的 现象(清汪灏等《广羣芳谱》卷二《地利谱·二月》引五代李绰《秦中岁时记》)。
京师以外的当地,则能够看到,宋人杜氏撰《壶中赘录》,称“蜀中风俗,旧以二月二日为郊游节,都人士女,络绎游赏,缇幕歌酒,散在四郊”。其游观之盛,以致“历政郡守,虑有强暴之虞,乃分遣戍兵于冈阜坡冢之上,立马张旗望之。后乖崖公帅蜀,乃曰:‘虑有他虞,不若聚之为乐。’乃所以日,自万里桥,以秀丽器皿,结彩舫十数只,与郡僚属官分乘之,妓乐数船,歌吹前导,名曰游江。所以都人士女,骈于八九里间,纵观如堵。抵宝历寺桥出,燕于寺内。寺前剏一蚕市,纵民买卖。嬉游乐饮,倍于往岁,傍晚方回”(宋陈元靓《岁时广记》卷一“游蜀江”条引杜氏《壶中赘录》)。文中“乖崖”乃宋初人张咏自号,故杜氏《壶中赘录》所云乖崖公之前的蜀中旧日风俗,理应从唐代后期沿承而来。
事实上,唐代后期二月二日曲江采菜的风俗,沿承到北宋时期,现已逐步通行各地,并有了一个很正式的节日称号——“挑菜节”。
这个“挑菜”的“挑”同“曲江采菜“的“采”字语义相同,都是摘取或是挖取的意思。时人张耒有《二月二日挑菜节大雨不能出》诗云:“久将菘芥荆南美,佳节泥深人未行。想见故园蔬甲好,一畦春雨辘轳声。”其自注曰:“北方治菜畦如棊枰,极细匀,汲井灌之,次序相及,殊可观也。”(张耒《张右史文集》卷三四)。张耒在挑菜节时身居“荆南”而忆及北方故园,可见二月二日过此佳节,在赵宋境内已是南北各地遍及都过的节日。
这个挑菜节不只通行于民间,还已进入皇宫。南宋末年人缜密,亡国后入元,写下一本《武林旧事》,回忆南宋杭州城的茂盛,其间不只写到了皇宫里边过的这个挑菜节,一同也还写到了它与中和节之间的衍生联络:
二月一日,谓之“中和节”,唐人最重,今惟作假及进单罗御服、百官服单罗公裳罢了。
二日,宫中排办挑菜御宴。先是,内苑准备朱绿花斛,下以罗帛作小卷,书品目于上,系以红丝。上植生菜、荠花诸品。俟宴酬乐作,自中殿以次,各以金篦挑之。后妃、皇子、贵主、婕妤及都知等,皆有赏无罚;以次每斛十号,五红字为赏,五黑字为罚。上赏则成,号真珠、玉杯、金器、北珠篦环、珠翠领抹;次亦铤银、酒器、冠镯、翠花、段帛、龙涎、御扇、翰墨、官窑、定器之类。罚则舞唱、吟诗、念佛、饮冷水、吃生姜之类。用此以资戏笑。王宫贵邸,亦多效之。(元缜密《武林旧事》卷二“挑菜”条)。
清楚明了,宋人的“挑菜节”便是从唐人的“中和节”衍生而来。在中和节这一天,宋人仍是照放公度假,民间也还有一些节庆活动(宋吴自牧《梦粱录》卷一“二月”条),可官家首要的乐子就都移到了二月二这一天。
这帮老爷们玩儿得真是不亦乐乎,骑在大众头上作威,图的便是作这个福。但是,你再能横行霸道,要过好这个“挑菜节”,也得有个根本条件——这便是它得有菜可挑。
三、龙头何时抬起来
赵宋时期,在我国北方,先后有辽、金两个国家与之并峙,元大都这一带都处于其势力范围之内。现在需求咱们考虑的是,二月二的时分,赵家人有青菜可挑,那么,元大都的蒙汉居民也有的挑么?我想每一个在北京生活过的人都了解:不能。在天然条件下,这时还没长出可供采挖的青菜食用。
经过前面的叙说,咱们知道宋国境内的二月二挑菜节是由唐朝后期的中和节蜕变而来。了解这一布景之后,也就很简单了解,“二月二龙昂首”这个时令节日,便是中和节在冰天雪地的元大都区域的一种天然衍化。
前面说到的那位由宋入元的缜密,在他的笔记《癸辛杂识》中记叙了元世祖至元三十一年一种稀见的历法现象:
正月初一日壬子,立春。
二月初二日癸未,惊蛰。
三月初三日癸丑,清明。
四月初四日甲申,立夏。
五月初五日甲寅,芒种。
六月初六日乙酉,小暑。
七月初七日乙卯,立秋。
八月初八日乙酉,白露。
九月初九日丙辰,寒露。
十月初十日丙戌,立冬。
十一月十一日丁巳,大雪。
十二月十二日丁亥,小寒。(元缜密《癸辛杂识续集》卷下“至元甲午节气之巧〔三十一年〕”条)
前面现已讲过,依照唐人郭橐驼的说法,这“正月初一”、“二月初二”以致“十二月十二日”都是所谓本命日,“立春”、“惊蛰”等则是二十四气中的十二个“节气”,也便是“一节之气”开头儿的时刻。赶得巧吧?赶得这么巧,无疑会增重这些本命日同十二节气的联络;至少在人们的心目之中会是这样。
“惊蛰”这个节气称号中的“蛰”能够指全部蛰伏的动物,比如蛇。古人常以龙蛇并重,他们说的这龙长得是个啥样,咱们今日真不大好说。可古人认为龙也像蛇相同会蛰伏,《周易·系辞》就有“龙蛇之蛰,以安身也”的语句。这样看来,所谓“惊蛰”也无妨解出警醒大龙的意思来。
比如北宋时期的闻名学者刘敞,就写有“池上龙蛇惊蛰起”的诗句(刘敞《公是集》卷二三《城下种竹今春极有佳笋》),明显是说“惊蛰”也能把大龙同小蛇一道惊吓起来。南宋初人张元干有一首咏惊蛰的七言绝句则写道:“老去那堪节物催,放灯中夜忽奔雷。一声大震龙蛇起,蚯蚓虾䗫也出来。”(张元干《芦川归来集》卷四《甲戌正月十四日书所见〔往日惊蛰节〕》)惊蛰惊蛰,连龙蛇带蚯蚓虾䗫,只要是蛰伏的动物,啥都一同震醒了。
广陵书社影印民国刻《强村丛书》本《乐庵诗余》再往后,到了元朝,有个名叫吴存的人,写下一阕《水龙吟》词,给他的族父贺寿,标题叫《寿族父瑞堂〔是日惊蛰〕》,词曰:今朝蛰户初开,一声雷唤苍龙起。吾宗仙猛,当年乘此,漫游人世。玉颊银须,胡麻饭饱,九霞觞醉。爱青青门外,万丝柳树,都捻作,长生缕。
七十三年闲眼,阅人世、好多兴衰。酸醎嚼破,现在翻觉,淡中有味。总把余年,栽松长竹,种兰培桂。待与翁同看,上元甲子,和平春霁。(元吴存《乐庵诗余》)
词牌就叫“水龙吟”,同“今朝蛰户初开,一声雷唤苍龙起”的语句相结合,清楚表现出“惊蛰”一如“惊龙”的意境。这被受惊而起的大龙,不就抬起头来了么?
这些状况,足以证明“二月二龙昂首”同惊蛰这个节气的内涵联络,但惊蛰同二月二赶到同一天的日子,不是只要元世祖至元三十一年这一次,即以相同是本命日与“立春”、“惊蛰”等十二“节气”相重的状况而论,尽管非常稀见,也不是只要这么一回。相同仍是那个缜密,相同是在《癸辛杂识》那本书里,他就记载了另一次彻底相同的现象。这一年,是在宋理宗宝佑四年:
正月一日,立春。
二月二日,惊蛰。
三月三日,清明。
四月四日,立夏。
五月五日,芒种。
六月六日,小暑。
七月七日,立秋。
八月八日,白露。
九月九日,寒露。
十月十日,立冬。
十一月十一日,大雪。
十二月十二日,小寒。
状况一模相同。缜密感叹说,除了至元三十一年那一次,“夷考百年以来”,“余未见如此者,亦一奇事也” (元缜密《癸辛杂识续集》卷下“夷考百年以来理宗宝佑四年丙辰”条)。
看我写到这儿,一些读者一定会问:“二月二龙昂首”的风俗是不是来源于此刻呢?不是,这一风俗始见于史籍的时刻,比这还要更早一些。
在北京西城区西四南大街砖塔胡同的东口,有一座沉着庵,它是由金朝至蒙古国期间的高僧行秀所创立的。行秀和尚儒释兼备,自称“万松野老”,人称“万松白叟”。当年的容庵,现在仅剩存一座砖塔,其他修建俱毁失无存。
作者在万松白叟塔前这座砖塔始建于元代,是行秀和尚的墓塔,故俗称“万松白叟塔”。“万松白叟塔”是北京内城现在仅存的砖塔,砖塔胡同即缘此塔而得名。不过现在人们看到的这座砖塔,已不是元代的初始容貌,乃是清乾隆十八年大幅度重修之后的形状。
乾隆十八年重修万松白叟塔题记便是这位万松白叟,在这座沉着庵内,写下过一部题作《沉着庵录》的禅宗语录,其间谈到了“二月二龙昂首”的风俗:雪窦亦云:“现在藏在乳峰前,来者一一看便利。”师大声喝云:“看脚下。”万松道:“雪窦贪观脚下,不知穿过髑髅。天童冷口伤人,明人不作暗事。我其时若作云门,以拄杖撺向雪峰怀里,拟议不来,随后敎伊作茧自缚,亲遭一口。”为什么如此?今朝二月二,暂放龙昂首。(释行秀《万松白叟评唱天童觉和尚颂古沉着庵录》卷二“雪峰看蛇”条)
又:
雷惊出蛰,颂此僧探头过分,不待惊蛰二月节,早上龙头。不知浮云将随龙而行,而为妙翅神威遏绝,不觉头撞也。(释行秀《万松白叟评唱天童觉和尚颂古沉着庵录》卷三“兴阳妙翅”条)
万松白叟是得道高僧,讲的这些禅语机锋,我这个平常大众真实读不明白,也不知以上文句点读得对仍是不对,不过他用“二月二龙昂首”来做譬喻,清楚阐明在其时的北京城(金中都)里现已遍及行用这个季节。
万松白叟是在蒙古定宗元年圆寂于燕京城内的,时值南宋理宗淳佑六年(公元1246年),这比宋理宗宝佑四年(公元1256年)早十年;而他写出《沉着庵录》,时为金宣宗元光二年(据《沉着庵录》卷首行秀自序),时值南宋宁宗嘉定十六年(公元1223年)。这比宋理宗宝佑四年要早三十三年。因此“二月二龙昂首”这一季节的构成,同宝佑四年这次本命日与十二“节气”相重也没有什么联络。
不过本命日同十二“节气”一一相重尽管罕得一遇,立春同元日相逢在史上却层出不穷。而在立春与元日相逢的年份,由于惊蛰与立春之间仅相隔雨水一气,在元日立春的年份,遭受二月二惊蛰的概率仍是很高的。
清人姚莹以清代实际状况与缜密所记元世祖至元三十一年的状况相比较,述云:
雍正十二年甲寅正月一日戊寅卯时立春,小建;二月二日戊申丑时惊蛰,大建;三月三日戊寅辰时清明,小建。四月四日已酉寅时立夏,大建;五月五日庚辰巳时芒种,六月以下不符。
乾隆十八年癸酉正月一日立春,大建;二月今后不符。
三十七年壬辰正月一日立春,小建;二月二日惊蛰,大建;三月以下不符。
嘉庆十五年庚午正月一日立春,小建;二月二日惊蛰,大建;三月三日清明,小建;四月四日立夏,大建;五月五日芒种,大建;六月以下不符。
道光九年己丑正月一日立春,小建;二月二日惊蛰,大建;三月三日清明,小建;四月四日立夏,大建;五月五日 芒种,六月以下不符。(姚莹《康輶纪行》卷一五)
归纳而言,在雍正十二年至道光九年这前后九十六年期间共五见元日立春,其惊蛰也都赶在二月二日。可见在万松白叟时期大体上也会遭受元日立春、二月二惊蛰,而这种状况,相同是把太阳年的岁首(立春)同阴阳混合年的岁首(正月初一)重合在同一天内,因此很简单让人们把二月二这个惊蛰之日同龙昂首联络起来。这以后,阅历宋理宗宝佑四年和元世祖至元三十一年那两次本命日同“立春”、“惊蛰”等十二“节气”彻底相重的状况之后,天然会更加增重人们对“二月二龙昂首”这一季节的注重,使之更加普及于南北各地。
我国古代所谓青龙、朱雀、白虎、玄武“四神”,实质上是用这四种神兽来标志太阳视运动、亦即地球公转轨道上四个部分,这表现的也是地球公转进程中的四个阶段。在太阳年系统中,同东方青龙相匹配的是孟春之月、二月之月和季春之月,惊蛰是二月之月的起点,故所谓“龙昂首”在地理历法上的内涵寓意,乃是进入二月之月。
在万松白叟时期,中都城里生活着的那些人们之所以独重二月之月,并将其与东方青龙的昂首活泼联络到一同,则是由于这儿的气温比发生这套地理历法系统的中原区域要低许多,孟春之月还感触不到满足的春的气味。特别是咱们还要想到,依照竺可桢先生的研讨,南宋和金国坚持这一时期,气温比现在明显要低,即年平均气温低挨近2℃左右(竺可桢《我国近五千年来气候变迁的开始研讨》,刊《考古学报》1972年第1期)。这便是“二月二龙昂首”这一时令发生于金朝中都城中的天然原因。
2023年2月4日草记
2023年2月8日正午改定
(本文来自汹涌新闻,更多原创资讯请下载“汹涌新闻”APP)
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总台央视记者:美国国务院12日发布《2021年国别人权陈述》,进犯了我国的政治制度和人权情况。美国务卿布林肯在发布会上称,我国政府持续在新疆对维吾尔族穆斯林和其他少量集体犯下“种族灭绝”和“反人类罪过”,腐蚀了香港底子自在和自治,并在西藏进行系统性的打压。中方对此有何谈论?

  CCTV: On April 12, the US Department of State released the 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices which attacked China on its political system and human rights conditions. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said at the press briefing that “the Chinese Government continues to commit genocide and crimes against humanity in Xinjiang against predominantly Muslim Uyghurs, among other minority groups, to erode fundamental freedoms and autonomy in Hong Kong, and to carry out systematic repression in Tibet”. Does China have any comment?

赵立坚:美方所谓“2021年国别人权陈述”的涉华内容和布林肯国务卿有关表态罔顾实际、颠倒是非,充满着政治谎言和认识形态成见,中方对此激烈不满、坚决敌对。

Zhao Lijian: The China-related content in the so-called Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and relevant remarks by Secretary Antony Blinken misrepresent facts, confuse right with wrong, and are deluged with political lies and ideological bias. China deplores and firmly opposes it.

我国的人权情况怎么,我国公民意中有一杆秤;我国政府的管理才能怎么,世界社会早就众所周知。这都不是美国某些人说几句话或宣布一个陈述就可以诽谤的。美国政府年复一年借所谓人权陈述诽谤抹黑我国,进犯世界多国多地,妄图将自己塑构成“人权判官”“人权标杆”。这恰恰暴露了美方的虚伪和双标。

The Chinese people can tell better than others how the human rights situation in China is and the international community has long come to an conclusion about China’s governance. Such facts cannot possibly be denied by a report or the remarks of certain people. The US government smears and denigrates China and attacks other places in the world by releasing the reports every year, in an attempt to style itself as a “judge” and “role model” on human rights. This only serves to reveal its hypocrisy and double standards.

若论尊重和保障人权,美国可谓表里欠账、罪过累累。对内,人权是美国政府一向没有实现的言而无信。美国坐拥全世界最先进的医疗设备和技能,却成为全球新冠肺炎感染和逝世人数最多的国家。美政府不谋抗疫之举,大搞政治操弄,鼓噪实验室走漏病毒,任由美国种族主义“病毒”与新冠病毒一同延伸,导致反亚裔仇视违法频发高发。美国长时间推广轻视性移民方针,严峻揉捏拉美裔、亚裔、非洲裔移民生存空间;“骨肉分离”的移民方针,超期羁押、酷刑和逼迫劳作等不人道待遇严峻危及移民的生命、庄严和自在。美国枪支暴力问题丛生,法律不公、监狱虐囚等现象频发,美国民众生活在缺少安全的惊骇之中。

Speaking of respecting and protecting human rights, the US is debt-laden both at home and abroad with its numerous wrongdoings. Domestically, human rights protection is an empty promise the US has never fulfilled. With the most advanced medical equipment and technology in the world, the US stands as the country with the largest number of infection and death of COVID-19. The US government, instead of fighting the coronavirus, seeks political manipulation, instigates the “lab leak” theory and allows racism to spawn alongside the coronavirus, which have resulted in the frequent occurrence of anti-Asian hate crimes. The persistent discriminatory migration policy in the US has squeezed the living space for migrants of Latin American, Asian and African descent to the extreme. The policy of separating migrant children from their families, extended custody,torture, forced labor and many other inhumane treatments gravely threatens the life, dignity and freedom of migrants. The pervasive gun violence, denial of justice in law enforcement and prisoner abuse have left the American people living in fear and worry about their security.

对外,人权是美国政府推广霸权的遮羞布。美国推翻行为和战役构成难移民潮,仅在阿富汗、伊拉克、叙利亚就产生2000余万难民、移民。美国20年来建议的所谓“反恐”战役已让90多万人失掉生命。美国对阿富汗展开的军事行动,夺走的不只是十多万人的生命,还有阿富汗公民70亿美元的救命钱。美国遍及全球的隐秘监狱网制作的人权悲惨剧令世界哗然。在世界经济面对新冠疫情冲击的布景下,美国仍以人权为托言,以制裁为手法,对他国大举施压要挟。这不只加重了相关国家的人道危机,更危及全球经济复苏和产业链供应链安稳。

柔和的「双语」例行记者会/Regular Press Conference(2022-4-13)的插图

Externally, human rights protection is a pretense the US government uses to cover up its agenda of seeking hegemony. The subversion and wars launched by the US have forced people away from their homeland, including more than 20 million refugees and migrants in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria alone. The so-called “WaronTerror”waged by the US has claimed over 900,000 livesoverthepasttwodecades. The US’ military operations in Afghanistan not only took the lives of over 100,000 people, but also looted the $7 billion live-saving money of the Afghan people. The US network of secret prisons across the globe created human rights tragedies that each set off an uproar in the international community. At a time when the world economy is suffering from the impact of COVID-19, the US is still using human rights as an excuse to wantonly pressure and threaten countries by imposing sanctions. This has not only aggravated the humanitarian crisis in relevant countries, but also endangered world economic recovery and stability of industrial and supply chains.

美方应该做的是当即中止对他国人权评头论足、进犯抹黑,实在躬身自省、痛改前非,真正为改进美国本身人权情况和世界人权作业健康展开做些有利的事。

The US should immediately stop making irresponsible remarks, attacking and smearing other countries’ human rights conditions. Instead, it needs to reflect on itself, mend its ways, and earnestly do things to improve its own human rights situation and promote the international human rights cause.

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《环球时报》记者:据报导,12日,美国国防部情报局宣布陈述称,我国情报、监督、侦查卫星数量不断扩大,仅次于美。我国公民解放军具有和运营世界上约一半侦查卫星,大部分可对印太区域甚至世界各地的美国及盟友戎行进行监控、盯梢和定位。该报导还称,我国和俄罗斯还在持续研制、布置可进犯美国卫星的激光兵器。中方对此有何回应?Global Times: According to reports, the US Defense Intelligence Agency released a report on April 12 alleging that China’s fleet of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) satellites keeps expanding and stands second only to the US in quantity. The People’s Liberation Army of China “owns and operates about half of the world’s ISR systems, most of which could support monitoring, tracking and targeting of US and allied forces worldwide, especially throughout the Indo-Pacific region”. The reports also said that China and Russia continue to develop and deploy laser weapons capable of damaging US satellites. What is China’s response?赵立坚:美方罔顾实际,重复烘托所谓我国和俄罗斯“外空要挟”,其实质是为美方本身展开兵力、追求称雄外空制作托言,也是美方坚守暗斗思想、转嫁本身职责的又一体现。Zhao Lijian: The US has been weaving a narrative about the so-called threat posed by China and Russia in outer space in an attempt to justify its own military buildup to seek space hegemony. It is just another illustration of how the US clings on to the Cold War mentality and deflects responsibility.美国才是外空安全面对的最大要挟。美国政府揭露将外空界定为“作战边境”,加速组成外空军和外空司令部,大力研制布置进攻性外空兵器。作为具有上千枚卫星的国家,美国至今仍在密布发射各类卫星,包含军事侦查卫星。美军方还参加了很多商业航天出资,收购数十亿美元的商业卫星服务,将其用于军事用处。一起,美国长时间消沉抵抗商洽外空军控法律文书。美国现已成为外空军控进程最大妨碍。It is the US that represents the top threat to security in outer space. After openly defining space as a war-fighting domain, the US government has been accelerating efforts to build a space force and space command and invests heavily on developing and deploying offensive space weapons. Despite possessing more than 1,000 satellites, the US still keeps a busy launching schedule involving all types of satellites, including those for military reconnaissance. The US military also took part in many commercial space investment projects and purchased billions of dollars’ worth of commercial satellite services for military purposes. At the same time, the US has long been obstructing negotiation for a legal instrument on arms control in outer space and has become the greatest impediment to the arms control process in space.中方一向倡议平和利用外空,敌对外空兵器化和军备竞赛,活跃在外空范畴推进构建人类命运共同体。我国探究外空,是为满足国家经济、社会、科技和安全等需求。 China always advocates the peaceful use of outer space, opposes weaponizing space or an arms race in space, and works actively toward the vision of building a community with a shared future for mankind in space. China conducts space exploration for the purpose of meeting national economic, social, scientific and security needs.美国政府应该实在承担起大国应尽的职责,检视本身在外空范畴一系列消沉行为。美方应中止鼓噪所谓“我国外空要挟论”,中止阻挠外空军控法律文书商洽进程,为维护外空持久平和与安全做出应有的奉献。The US government should earnestly assume its responsibility as a major country and reflect on its negative moves in space. The US side should stop peddling the narrative of "China threat in space", stop hindering the negotiation process for a legal instrument on arms control in space, and make its due contribution to safeguarding enduring peace and security in space.

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新华社记者:我的问题是关于福岛核电站的。一年前也便是上一年4月13日,日本政府决议将福岛榜首核电站超百万吨核污染水经过滤并稀释后排入大海,这一做法在日本国内和世界社会引发了激烈忧虑和关心。咱们注意到,前几天日本民众再次自发安排聚会,敌对核污染水排海的决议。可是现已一年过去了,日本政府并未吊销核污染水排海决议,也没有给世界社会一个满足的答案。中方对此有何谈论?Xinhua News Agency: My question is about the Fukushima nuclear power plant. On April 13 last year, the Japanese government decided to release over one million tonnes of treated and diluted nuclear-contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant into the sea, which triggered strong concern both at home and in the international community. We noted that a few days ago, the Japanese people once again organized an assembly to voice their opposition to the ocean discharge decision. However, after a year, the Japanese government still hasn’t revoked its ocean discharge decision or given the international community a satisfactory answer. What is China’s comment on this?赵立坚:中方现已屡次标明在这一问题上的情绪。咱们对日本政府单方面决议向海洋排放福岛核污染水标明严峻关心和坚决敌对。Zhao Lijian: China has made clear its position on this issue repeatedly. We are gravely concerned with and firmly opposed to the Japanese government’s unilateral decision to release the nuclear-contaminated water from Fukushima into the ocean.核污染水排海对海洋生态环境、食品安全和人类健康的潜在损害不容忽视。自一年前日本政府作出将核污染水排海决议以来,环太平洋各国及日本国内民众的质疑和敌对声响一向没有中止。我国、韩国、俄罗斯以及一些太平洋岛国都对日方核污水排海决议表达了关心。日本国内多个民间安排约18万人联署敌对核污染水排海,日本全国渔业协会联合会更是屡次揭露标明坚决敌对的情绪。但是,日本政府却对世界社会关心和国内民意置之不理,迄未对排海计划正当性、核污染水数据可靠性、净化设备有效性、环境影响不确定性等问题作出令人信服的解说。近期,世界原子能组织技能作业组两次赴日进行实地调查,调查评价作业仍未完毕,日方却持续推进核污染水排海准备作业,这种做法极不负职责。Wecannotaffordtothepotential harm on marine ecology, food safety and human healthcausedbytheseadischargeofthenuclear-contaminated water. Ever since the Japanese government made the decision a year ago, the people in Japan and other Pacific Rim countries have been questioning and opposing the move. China, the ROK, Russia and some Pacific island countries have all voiced their concern over the plan. About 180,000 people from several non-governmental organizations in Japan have signed a petition opposing the release. Japan’s national federation of fisheries cooperatives has openly stated its firm objection on multiple occasions. However, the Japanese government just turned a deaf ear to international concern and public opinion at home. So far, it has been unable to offer any convincing explanation for issues ranging from the legitimacy of the ocean discharge option to the reliability of relevant data, the efficacy of the treatment system and the uncertainty of environmental impact. The IAEA’s technical task force has conducted two field trips in Japan recently. The assessment and evaluation process is still ongoing, but the Japanese side has been pressing ahead with preparation for the ocean discharge, which is extremely irresponsible.我想着重的是,日方当时要做的,不是竭力找托言为核污染水排海的过错决议点缀,而是正视世界社会的合理关心,实在实行应尽的职责和职责,以揭露、通明、科学、安全的方法处置核污染水。咱们敦促日方本着负职责的情绪,同包含周边邦邻在内的利益攸关方和有关世界组织充沛洽谈,寻觅妥善的处置方法。在此之前,日方不得私行发动核污染水排海。I would like to stress that Japan should stop racking its brain trying to varnish the wrong decision of discharging the nuclear-contaminated water into the sea. Instead, it should face up to the reasonable concern from the international community, earnestly fulfill its due responsibilities and obligations, and dispose of the nuclear-contaminated water in an open, transparent, science-based and safe manner. We urge Japan to adopt a responsible attitude and look for proper means of disposal through full consultation with stakeholders including neighboring countries and relevant international organizations. Prior to that, it shall not start releasing the nuclear-contaminated water into the sea.

4澳亚卫视记者:由帕劳和美国联办第七届“咱们的海洋大会”(OOC)将于13-14日举办。台湾外事部分发言人标明,台“总统特使”张子敬以“环境维护署署长”的正式官衔与会。发言人对此有何谈论?MASTV: The Seventh Our Ocean Conference willbe co-hosted by the US and Palau on April 13 and 14. According to spokesperson for Taiwan’s foreign affairs department, Chang Tzi-chin, “special envoy of Taiwan’s President”, will attend the conference in the official capacity of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration Minister. What is your comment?赵立坚:首要我要着重的是,中方不供认所谓的台湾“总统”特使。美国和帕劳答应台湾当局官员到会有关会议,将制作“两个我国”。中方对此激烈不满、坚决敌对。Zhao Lijian: To start, I must stress that China does not recognize the so-called “special envoy of Taiwan’s President”. The US and Palau try to create the false impression of “two Chinas” by allowing officials of the Taiwan authorities to attend the meeting. China deplores and firmly opposes this. 世界上只要一个我国,台湾是我国领土不行分割的一部分。这是任何人都无法改动的前史和法理实际。美国和帕劳应遵循一个我国准则,不为“台独”割裂实力供给任何舞台。咱们也警告民进党当局,任何在世界上搞所谓“打破”的图谋终将失利。There is only one China in the world. Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory. This is a historical and legal fact that cannot be changed by any individuals. The US and Palau should abide by the one-China principle and not provide any platform for “Taiwan independence” separatist forces. We also have this stern warning to the DPP authorities: any attempt to seek “breakthroughs” in the international community is doomed to fail.

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《北京青年报》记者:乌克兰危机构成粮食等大宗产品价格上涨,粮食安全成为当时世界社会遍及重视的重要议题,对国家安全甚至世界安稳至关重要。就此想问问发言人有何观点?Beijing Youth Daily: The Ukraine crisis has led to a price surge of food and other bulk commodities. Food security has become a key subject that attracts international attention, and is vital to national security and even world stability. What is your view on this?赵立坚:俄乌抵触迸发后,美国及其盟友建议一轮接一轮对俄单边制裁。但制裁没有处理任何问题,反而使本就不达观的世界经济形势落井下石。你方才说到了粮食安全问题,我注意到,就连美国总统也不得不供认,对俄制裁让许多国家支付价值,粮食缺少成为实际。我也注意到,德国交际方针网站刊文指出,粮食价格上涨恐将在阿拉伯世界引发“饥饿暴乱”,导致政治动乱。Zhao Lijian: After the conflict between Russia and Ukraine broke out, the US and its allies have imposed waves of unilateral sanctions against Russia. But instead of solving any problems, sanctions have only put a dent in the languishing world economy. You just raised food security. I noted that even the US President himself had to admit that “the price of the sanctions is not just imposed upon Russia. It’s imposed upon an awful lot of countries as well” and that a food shortage is goingto be real. I also noted that an article on German-foreign-policy.com wrote that the soaring food price may trigger a hunger riot in the Arab world which could lead to political turbulence. 当时,世界各国既要应对新冠疫情,又要设法复苏经济,现已够困难了。在此布景下,全方位、无差别制裁不只会构成新的不行拯救的丢失,还或许冲击现有世界经济系统,使世界经济协作几十年尽力的效果毁于一旦,终究让各国公民为此支付沉重价值,这不公平,也不合理,更有违世界道义和全球民意。 Countries all over the world already have enough on their plate, as they need to respond to COVID-19 and realize economicrecovery. Against such a backdrop, sweeping and indiscriminate sanctions will not only create new irreversible loss, but may also bring shocks to the current world economic system, wiping out the outcome of international economic cooperation for decades and ultimately forcing the world’s people to pay a hefty price. It is neither just nor reasonable, and runs against international justice and people’s aspiration.  处理世界区域热点问题,并不是只要战役和制裁选项,对话商洽才是底子处理之道,也是最契合各方利益的正确出路。世界社会应持续为推进俄乌商洽进程供给助力,为政治处理创造条件。美国作为乌克兰危机的始作俑者,更应该深刻反思,改改蛮横蛮横的老毛病,劝和促谈而不是拱火浇油。一起,美国作为世界大国,更有职责维护世界经济体制、规矩、根底的安稳,不该让世界各国为美国的单边制裁埋单。Dialogue and negotiation, an alternative to war and sanction, is the fundamental solution to address international and regional hotspot issues and represents theright waythatbest meets all parties’ interests. The international community should continue to work for advancing Russia-Ukraine negotiations and creating conditions for political settlement. As the culprit of the Ukraine crisis, the US should especially do some soul-searching, stop its old habit of throwing its weight around and add impetus to peace talks rather than fuel to the fire. As a major country in the world, the US should also take more responsibility to defend the stability of the world economic system along with its rules and foundation. It should not willfully ask the whole world to pay for US’ unilateral sanctions.

独特的「双语」例行记者会/Regular Press Conference(2022-4-13)的插图

巴通社记者:巴基斯坦新任总理夏巴兹·谢里夫中选后在国民议会宣布上任讲演,标明其政府将加速高质量建造中巴经济走廊,将其打造为中巴友谊的标志。交际部对此有何回应?Associated Press of Pakistan: In his maiden speech after winning theelection in the parliament, the new Prime Minister of Pakistan Shahbaz Sharif said that his government will speed up high-quality construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, making it a symbol of China-Pakistan friendship. Do you have any response to this?赵立坚:中方注意到夏巴兹总理关于中巴经济走廊建造的有关表态,对此标明高度欣赏。中巴经济走廊发动以来为巴基斯坦经济展开和民生改进作出重要奉献,得到各界广泛赞誉和认可。中方愿同巴方一道尽力,持续高质量推进中巴经济走廊建造,将中巴经济走廊打构成“一带一路”高质量建造演示工程。Zhao Lijian: China has noted the remarks of Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and expresses our high appreciation. Since its launch, CPEC has made important contribution to Pakistan’s economic development and improvement of people’s livelihood, and won broad appreciation and recognition. China is ready to work with Pakistan to continue to further advance the high-quality development of CPEC and build it into a demonstration program of high-quality development under the Belt and Road Initiative.

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深圳卫视记者:当地时间12日,美国纽约市布鲁克林的一个地铁站产生枪击工作,已构成至少29人受伤。中方对此有何谈论?现在是否有我国公民伤亡?Shenzhen TV: On April 12 local time, a shooting occurred at a subway station in Brooklyn, New York City, which has injured at least 29 people. What is China’s comment? Are there any reported Chinese casualties?赵立坚:我注意到有关报导。咱们一向敌对和斥责枪支暴力行为,向伤者和家族标明慰问。Zhao Lijian: I have noted relevant reports. We always oppose and condemn acts of gun violence, and express our sympathies to the injured and their families.我国驻纽约总领馆已榜首时间发动领事维护应急机制,经过多方途径核实了解工作是否触及我国公民。到现在,总领馆暂未收到有我国公民在工作中伤亡的音讯。交际部及驻纽约总领馆将持续亲近盯梢工作展开。咱们一起也提示在美我国公民进步危险防备认识,维护本身安全。The Chinese Consulate-General in New York immediately activated the contingency mechanism for consular protection. After verifying through multiple channels whether Chinese citizens were involved in the incident, so far there are no reports of Chinese casualties to the Consulate-General. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Consulate-General in New York will continue to monitor the development of the situation. At the same time, we remind Chinese citizens in the US to raise security awareness and protect their safety.相似布鲁克林地铁站枪击工作这样的悲惨剧再三产生,与美国长时间存在的枪支众多和枪支暴力问题脱不了关连。枪支暴力现已成为美国社会严峻的人权痼疾。偶然的是,就在枪击工作的同一天,美国国务院发布了《2021年国别人权陈述》。这篇陈述通篇对别国人权情况横加指责,却对自己日益恶化的人权情况只字不提。且不说美国国内严峻的系统性种族轻视、暴力法律等问题,单是枪支暴力问题,依据“枪支暴力档案”网站,本年以来,美国现已有一万多人死于枪支暴力案子,其间包含131起大规模枪击工作。如此触目惊心的数字,莫非不值得美方警醒吗?本国公民的生命和安全,莫非不值得美方重视吗?Tragedies like the shooting at the Brooklyn subway station have been happening time and again, which has to do with theproliferationofgun and gun violence in the US. Gun violence is a grave, persistent human rights problem in US society. But on the exact same day of the shooting, the US Department of State released the 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. While making groundless accusations about other countries’ human rights conditions throughout, the report made no mention of the deteriorating human rights situation at home. Systemic racial discrimination, violent law enforcement and other serious issues aside, the severity of gun violence iswell recorded. According to the “Gun Violence Archive” website, more than 10,000 people in the US died in gun violence incidents, including 131 mass shootings, since the beginning of this year. Aren’t the numbers staggering enough to alert the US? Isn’t the life and security of its own people worth the attention of the US?美国现已成为当之无愧的枪击之国。咱们诚心期望相似纽约地铁枪击工作这样的悲惨剧不再重演,诚心期望美国公民能过上没有枪击、没有轻视、没有惊骇的日子。美国政府绝不是什么“人权教师爷”。美国政府应该做的是中止对别国人权情况评头论足,为改进本国糟糕的人权情况做一些实实在在的工作。The US is undoubtedly a country of shooting. We sincerely hope such tragedy as shooting at the Brooklyn station will not happen again, and the American people can truly live without gunshots, discrimination and fear. The US government can by no means lecture others on human rights. What it should do is stop passing judgement on other countries’ human rights conditions and do something concrete to improve the poor human rights conditions within its borders.

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路透社记者:一位澳大利亚部长周三请所罗门群岛总理不要签署所中安全协议,并标明澳本年将拨款1.6亿澳元支撑所。你对此有何谈论? Reuters: An Australian minister asked the Prime Minister of Solomon Islands on Wednesday not to sign a proposed security agreement between Solomon Islands and China. The minister also said that Australia would allocate AUD 160 million in support this year to Solomon Islands. Do you have any comment?赵立坚:关于你说到的关于澳大利亚和所罗门联系的工作,我不予谈论。我要着重的是,我国和所罗门群岛安全协作根据彼此相等、互利共赢准则,是两国主权范围内的事,契合世界法和世界惯例,有利于所罗门群岛社会安稳和国泰民安,有利于促进所罗门群岛及南太区域的平和、安稳与展开。中所安全协作不针对任何第三方,与所罗门群岛同其他国家协作互不抵触,可对区域现有协作机制构成有利的弥补。有关国家应该秉持客观理性情绪看待,尊重中所两国主权和自主挑选,不要在岛国区域挑动敌对、制作割裂,多做有利于区域平和、安稳和展开的事。Zhao Lijian: I would not comment on the issue pertaining to Australia-Solomon Islands relations. I want to stress that security cooperation between China and Solomon Islands is based on equalityandshared benefits. It is within the sovereignty of our two countries, consistent with international law andcustomary international practice. It is beneficial to social stability and lasting security of Solomon Islands and conducive to promoting peace, stability and development of Solomon Islands and the South Pacific region. The security cooperation does not target any third party, does not contradict the cooperation between Solomon Islands and other countries, and can complement the existing cooperation mechanisms in the region. Relevant countries should view this in an objective and reasonable light, and respect the sovereignty and independent choice of China and Solomon Islands. Instead of stoking confrontation and creating division among the Pacific island region, they should do more things that are good for regional peace, stability and development.

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彭博社记者:美国总统拜登称,被曝光的俄罗斯戎行在乌克兰的屠戮行为构成“种族灭绝”。交际部对此有何谈论?Bloomberg: President Joe Biden says the killings by Russian troops being uncovered in Ukraine qualify as a genocide. Does the Chinese foreign ministry have a comment on this?赵立坚:咱们注意到有关报导。中方一向主张,在乌克兰问题上,燃眉之急是相关各方坚持镇定抑制,赶快停火止战,防止产生大规模人道主义危机。世界社会所作的任何尽力都应为紧张形势降温而不是火上浇油,都应推进交际处理而不是使形势进一步晋级。Zhao Lijian: We have noted relevant reports. On the Ukraine issue, China always believes that the top priority is that all relevant parties remain calm, exercise restraint, cease hostilities as soon as possible and avoid humanitarian crisis on a large scale. All efforts of the international community should help to deescalate the tension instead of adding fuel to the flame, and promote diplomatic settlement instead of heightening tensions.

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彭博社记者:此前有报导称美国、英国、澳大利亚问询日本政府是否参加美英澳三边安全伙伴联系,对此一名日本官员予以否定,称相关音讯不事实。交际部对此有何谈论?Bloomberg: A Japanese official has said that it isn’t true that the Japanese government has been approached to join the AUKUS security pact. That denies an earlier report that said the US, the UK and Australia have floated the idea to Japan. Does the ministry have a comment on this?赵立坚:中方注意到有关报导。美英澳树立所谓的“三边安全伙伴联系”,本质上是拉帮结伙大搞集团政治,经过军事协作挑动军事对立。这是典型的暗斗思想。美英澳三国在这一框架下展开核动力潜艇、高超音速兵器等极为灵敏的军事协作。这不只加大核扩散危险、冲击世界核不扩散系统,也将加重亚太军备竞赛,损坏区域平和安稳。中方对此严峻关心、坚决敌对。Zhao Lijian: China has taken note of relevant reports. By forming the so-called AUKUS, the three countries are essentially ganging up for bloc politics and provoking military confrontation through military cooperation. It indicates the typical Cold War mentality. Under AUKUS, the three countries engage in highly sensitive military cooperation involving nuclear-powered submarines and hypersonic weapons. This not only heightens nuclear proliferation risks and undermines the international non-proliferation system, but will also aggravate arms race in the Asia-Pacific and harm regional peace and stability. China is gravely concerned with and firmly opposed to it.美英澳三国应该正视亚太国家求平和、谋展开、促协作的希望,摒弃暗斗思想和零和博弈,忠诚实行世界职责,多做有利于区域平和与展开的事。The US, the UK and Australia should recognize Asia-Pacific countries’ aspiration for peace, development and cooperation, discard the Cold War and zero-sum game mentality, faithfully fulfill their international obligations and do more things for regional peace and development.

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